Inamullah Inam, Fazli Rabi Khalid, Wafiullah Mamozai

Volume 6 Issue 1 | Dec 2024

DOI: 10.31841/KJET.2024.41

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Abstract

Concrete carbonation significantly challenges the durability of reinforced concrete structures, particularly in climate change. This review examines the primary factors influencing carbonation rates, including the water-cement ratio, concrete composition, relative humidity, temperature, exposure conditions, and the incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials. Higher water-cement ratios lead to greater porosity and deeper carbonation penetration, while an optimal relative humidity of approximately 70% enhances carbonation. A linear correlation exists between temperature and carbonation depth, with elevated temperatures accelerating the carbonation process. Indoor environments generally exhibit higher carbonation rates compared to outdoor environments. Using mineral admixtures, such as fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag, enhances the microstructure of the concrete matrix and improves its resistance to carbonation. The complex interactions among these factors underscore the necessity for a comprehensive approach to mitigate carbonation, particularly as atmospheric CO₂ levels are expected to exceed 1000 ppm by 2100. The insights derived from this review are crucial for shaping construction practices to ensure long-term structural durability and resilience to climate change. By addressing these challenges, the construction industry can adapt to evolving climatic conditions and ensure the durability of critical infrastructure.
Keywords: Carbonation Resistance, Concrete Durability, Climate Change Impact, Environmental Factors