Kardan University is the first and leading private University in Afghanistan. Established in 2002, the University aims to inspire academic and professional excellence. Besides national accreditation, Kardan University is accredited by the International Accreditation Council for Business Education (IACBE) and is the only member of Afghanistan at the Global Business School Network (GBSN). Kardan University is leading innovative approaches toward excellence in academic and research initiatives. The University focuses on improving teaching and learning quality, strengthening applied research capabilities, and enhancing its international research partnerships as part of its five-year strategic plan (2021-2025). Kardan University has forged collaboration and partnerships with multiple national and international institutions, including accreditation bodies, colleges, and universities as well as the leading industry partners.

Vision:

In the spirit of excellence, aspiring for knowledge and growth.

Mission:

A vibrant university inspiring academic and professional excellence.

Welcome

We warmly welcome you to the International Conference on Applied Multidisciplinary Research” (ICAMR-2024), organized by Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan. This conference aims to provide a forum for researchers to come together, share their work, reflect, brainstorm, network, and collaborate on the development of the research sector of Afghanistan and highlight the current research trends.

WELCOME to ICAMR-2024!

Conference Secretariat

Conference Patron

Dr. Ahmad Khalid Hatam

Conference Chairman

Mr. Khawaja Jamshid Seddiqi

Secretary

Dr. Peerzada Tufail Ahmad

Members

Dr. Mohd Asif Shah
Dr. Kalimullah Khan
Dr. Muhammad Fayaz
Dr. Sayed Amir Alawi
Mr. Mohammad Sabaoon Khan

Editorial and Reviewers Board

Dr. Ahmad Khalid Hatam

Chancellor, Kardan University

Mr. Mr. Khawaja Jamshid Seddiqi

Vice Chancellor (Academics), Kardan University

Dr. Peerzada Tufail Ahmad

Coordinator, DRD, Kardan University

Dr. Mohd Asif Shah

Dean, Faculty of Economics, Kardan University

Dr. Kalimullah Khan

Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, MBA, Kardan University

Dr. Muhammad Fayaz

Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, MBA, Kardan University

Dr. Sayed Amir Alawi

AA, Faculty of Engineering, Kardan University

Dr. Ahsanullah Yunas Mahmoud

Lecturer, Faculty of Computer Sciences, Kardan University

Mr. Riaz Ahmad Ziar

Acting Dean, Faculty of Computer Sciences, Kardan University

Mr. Muhammad Haleem

Assistant Professor, Faculty of Computer Sciences, Kardan University

Mr. Muhammad Tahir

Assistant Professor, Faculty of Computer Sciences, Kardan University

Mr. Zabihullah Dalil Shinwari

Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Kardan University

Mr. Shahzad Anwar

Assistant Professor, Faculty of Economics, MBA, Kardan University

Mr. Mohammad Reza Darmani

Academic Administrator, Department of Law, Kardan University

Mr. Moheburahman Rahmany

Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Kardan University

Mr. Zabihullah Barekzai

Academic Administrator, Graduate Programs, Kardan University

Mr. Matiullah Aryanpor

Academic Administrator, Political Science, Kardan University

Mr. Ashabudin Halimi

Assistant Professor, Political Science, Kardan University

Mr. Jowhar Massoudi

Academic Administrator, Department of Economics, Kardan University

Dr. Nafay Choudhury

Assistant Professor of Law (Socio-Legal Studies), Law School, London School of Economics and Political Science, Research Associate, Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, University of Oxford.

Dr. Qudrattullah Omerkhel

University of Education, Kabul

Dr. Mubashir Gull

Assistant Professor of Psychology, GITAM Deemed University, India

Dr. Irfan Ahmad Rasooli

Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Hampton University VA, US

Dr. Amruta Deshpande

Director of Research and Development, Indira Group of Institutes, Pune, India

Dr. Haider Hassan Itoo

Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Kashmir, India

Dr. Showkat Ahmad Wani

Assistant Professor, Alliance University (School of Law), India

Dr. Mir Wajahat Hussain

Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Alliance College of Engineering and Design, Alliance University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Organizing Team Members

Mr. Fateh Gul Shinwari
Mr. Sharif Sharifi
Mr. Mohibullah Shaghasy
Mr. Mujeeb Sharif
Communication Team
MIS Team
IT Team
Mr. Abdullah Emran

Session 1: Socio-Economic and Political Sustainability

1. Exploring Cross-Border Partnerships to Empower Afghan SMEs: Accessing Resources, Technologies, and Expertise Through Regional Collaborations

Dr. Kalimullah Khan & Saeed Gul

Abstract

This paper examines cross-border partnerships’ role in empowering small and medium enterprises in Afghanistan. The study, specifically, examines cross-border partnerships for empowering existing SMEs through regional collaborations with special reference to accessing resources, technologies, and expertise. Qualitative methodology was applied by combining primary and secondary data. Primary data via focus group discussion has been collected to explore the strategies that can lead to the development of SMEs in Afghanistan. In contrast, secondary data is collected to describe the cross-border partnerships that empower existing SMEs. Content analysis is utilized for secondary and primary data. The study’s results are discussed, along with recommendations and limitations.
Keywords: : SMEs, Cross-border Partnerships, Mixed Method, Afghanistan

About the Author Dr. Kalimullah Khan, n, Assistant Professor, Department of MBA, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan. kaleemullah@kardan.edu.af
Mr. Saeed Gul, Assistant Professor, Department of BBA, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan. s.gul@kardan.edu.af

2. Afghanistan’s Sustainable Development: Challenges Rooted in Economic Policies

Ihsanullah Hazrati, Hafizullah Haqmal & Nasihullah Bayazid

This paper aims to explore policy-related problems related to the sustainable development of Afghanistan. Descriptive research methodology is applied to evaluate the related problems. A Google form questionnaire was shared with the Laghman University Economics faculty students for data collection. The sample size was 225 students. For the questionnaire reliability, the Cronbach alpha coefficient is equal to 0.736, and for the validity, the question was shared with the research committee of Laghman University, Research committee. The data was analyzed by SPSS.25. To evaluate the frequency of related problems, the frequency table for each construct was drawn. By frequency measurement, all constructs were judged. Overall, the results conclude that the present policies and regulations of different sectors for the sustainable development of Afghanistan do not provide sufficient support. In the sector of international trade and investment, subsidy policy, circular economic policy, taxation system, renewable energy, long-term economic planning, the field of research and innovation, pricing system of environmental goods and natural resources, in the part of the environmental risk management, and the provision of financial institution. Based on the respondents’ opinions, the government should take care in the above-mentioned sector, especially in policy-making, to solve the related policy problems and ensure Afghanistan’s sustainable development process
Keywords: Afghanistan, Sustainable Development, Economic Policy, Problems

About the Author Mr. Ihsanullah Hazrati, Head, Department of BBA, Laghman University, Afghanistan.hazrati.ihsanullah@lu.edu.af
Mr. Hafizullah Haqmal, Lecturer, Department of BBA, Laghman University, Afghanistan.
Mr. Nasihullah Bayazid, Lecturer, Department of BBA, Laghman University, Afghanistan.

3. Role of Agriculture Sector in the Development and Progress of Afghanistan

Dr. Hossein Mohammadi

Abstract

The agriculture sector is a cornerstone of Afghanistan’s economy, employing most of the population and contributing significantly to rural livelihoods and food security. However, decades of conflict, political instability, and environmental challenges have severely undermined the sector’s potential to drive economic development and poverty reduction. This paper explores the critical role of agriculture in Afghanistan’s progress, focusing on the challenges, opportunities, and strategies for revitalization. The study identifies key barriers, including limited access to modern agricultural technologies, inadequate infrastructure, water scarcity, and the adverse effects of climate change. Additionally, systemic issues such as weak market linkages, insufficient credit access, and disrupted supply chains exacerbate rural poverty and food insecurity. Despite these challenges, Afghanistan’s diverse agroecological zones and its tradition of farming present opportunities for transformation through targeted investments and policy reforms. This research hypothesizes that modernizing Afghanistan’s agriculture sector through technological innovation, capacity-building, and infrastructure development can significantly enhance productivity, food security, and economic resilience. Key questions addressed include the role of agriculture in poverty alleviation, the impact of modern practices on sustainability, and policy measures required for strengthening the sector. The findings highlight the importance of adopting integrated strategies, including improved irrigation systems, soil conservation techniques, and access to quality inputs. Emphasis is placed on empowering rural communities, particularly women, who are pivotal in agricultural activities. While the research underscores significant challenges, it also outlines a roadmap for leveraging Afghanistan’s agricultural potential to achieve sustainable development. This study concludes that revitalizing Afghanistan’s agriculture sector is essential for the country’s progress. It offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and development agencies to address systemic issues and build resilience within the sector, ultimately contributing to Afghanistan’s economic recovery and social stability.
Keywords:: Agriculture, Afghanistan, Food Security, Rural Development, Sustainable Practices, Economic Resilience

About the Author Dr. Hossein Mohammadi, Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy,Bamyan University, Afghanistan. mohammadi8888@gmail.com

4. Towards Sustainable Development: Role of the Livestock Sector in Economic Development of Afghanistan

Abdul Wahid Sultani & Mohammad Hassan Muhammadi

The livestock sector is crucial to Afghanistan’s economic development, significantly contributing to rural livelihoods, food security, and economic stability. This study analyzed the role of the livestock sector in agricultural development by examining its contribution to GDP using simple linear regression and the Cuddy-Della Valle instability index. Secondary data from 2010 to 2021 was sourced from FAOSTAT for this purpose. The findings revealed that livestock consistently contributed around 40 per cent to Afghanistan’s total agricultural GDP during the study period, while the agricultural sector’s share in the country’s total GDP fluctuated between 27 per cent and 34 per cent. Regression analysis indicated a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.99), suggesting that 99 per cent of the variation in agricultural GDP could be attributed to changes in livestock GDP. This highlights the sector’s significant role in promoting sustainable agricultural development, with statistically significant results (P = 0.000, P < 0.05). Additionally, instability analysis showed that livestock GDP experienced low instability from 2010 to 2021.
Keywords:: Livestock GDP, Economic Contribution, Instability,Agriculture, Afghanistan

About the Author Mr. Abdul Wahid Sultani, Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Sayed Jamaluddin Afghani University, Kunar, Afghanistan. abdulwahid.sultaniaws@gmail.com
Mr. Mohammad Hassan Muhammadi, Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Sayed Jamaluddin Afghani University, Kunar, Afghanistan.

5. Role of SMEs in the Socio-Economic Development of Afghanistan

Dr. Muhammad Fayaz & Abdullah Emran

Abstract

The role of SMEs is considered to be about 55% of GDP and 65% in contributing towards employment in developed nations. The contribution of SMEs and informal enterprises constitutes about 70% of GDP in developing nations. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Afghanistan are independent entities that employ a minimum of 250 individuals and possess a paid-up capital of at least 250 million Afghanis annually. SMEs have a critical position in the recovery and development of Afghanistan. The country overcomes the challenges of limited infrastructure and poverty. SMEs empower entrepreneurship, supporting economic success and decreasing dependence on mega industries. SMEs operate as a catalyst for the growth in the economy by converting the available resources, improving income distribution and promoting innovation and creativity. The major segment of the foundation of Afghanistan’s economy is due to the contribution of SMEs’ operations. The distribution of (SMEs) is notably uneven across various cities, mirroring the regional economic activities and the state of infrastructure. The study used structural analysis based on secondary data available from the websites of regulatory bodies and past literature on this topic. The study concluded that SMEs have a strong impact on GDP and enhance people’s livelihood through job creation. Despite the potential of this sector for the Afghanistan economy, SMEs face various obstacles, such as inadequate infrastructure, insufficient technical expertise, weak regulatory framework, and limited access to finance. Enhancing the SME sector through capacity-building programs, supportive policies, and improved market access is needed. Such steps can strengthen Afghanistan’s economic resilience and selfreliance. There is a need to address such challenges to boost SMEs’ full potential in fostering inclusive and sustainable growth in Afghanistan.
Keywords: Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), ACCI, GDP, Economic Growth, Entrepreneurship, Handicrafts, Self-reliance

About the Author Dr. Muhammad Fayaz, Assistant Professor, Department of MBA, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan. m.fayaz@kardan.edu.af
Mr. Abdullah Emran, Assistant, Department of Research and Development, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan a.emran@kardan.edu.a

6. Investigating the Dynamic Impacts of Selected Economic and Demographic Variables on the Growth Rate of Afghan Economy: An Econometric Analysis

Dr. Haider Hassan Itoo, Mohammed Ayub & John Mohammad Yatoo

Abstract

This study examines the dynamic linkages between population growth, life expectancy, employment, trade, technology, and economic growth in Afghanistan from 1990-91 to 2022-23. Using a bound testing approach, the study established a long-run cointegration relationship among these variables. Short-run and long-run ARDL results reveal that increased life expectancy, technological advancements, employment opportunities, and trade activities positively contribute to economic growth. Conversely, while population growth stimulates short-term economic expansion, it exerts long-term pressure on resources. To capitalize on these findings, the Afghan government should prioritize health, education, and technology investments, foster employment opportunities, facilitate trade, and implement sustainable population policies. This study underscores the importance of such strategies in propelling Afghanistan towards sustainable economic growth and development, providing a foundation for future research endeavours
Keywords: ARDL Model, Afghan Economy, Economic Growth, Population Growth, Sustainable Development, Life Expectancy

About the Author Dr. Haider Hassan Itoo, Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Kashmir, India. Itoohaideramu@gmail.com
Dr. Mohammed Ayub, Assistant Professor, Centre of Distance and Online Education, University of Kashmir, India. muhammedaub@kashmiruniversity.ac.in
Mr. John Mohammad Yatoo, Research Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Kashmir, India. Johnmohammad389@gmail.com

7. Leveraging Global Experiences in Sustainable Mining Development: Strategies and Practical Applications for Afghanistan

Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar

Abstract

This study investigates global experiences in sustainable mining development and explores their applicability to Afghanistan, a resource-rich but fragile state. With its vast mineral reserves, Afghanistan holds significant potential for economic growth. However, unregulated mining practices have led to environmental degradation, socio-economic inequities, and governance challenges. The research adopts a mixed-method approach, combining thematic reviews, case studies, and quantitative analysis to synthesize best practices from leading mining nations like Australia, Canada, Chile, and Botswana. Findings reveal critical gaps in Afghanistan’s environmental management, community engagement, and revenue allocation. Practical recommendations include adopting environmental monitoring systems, establishing transparent governance structures, and fostering community participation to align with global standards. The study bridges the gap between global frameworks and Afghanistan’s socio-political realities, offering a roadmap for sustainable resource management. This novel contribution emphasizes adaptive strategies tailored to fragile contexts, addressing both academic and practical dimensions of sustainable development.
Keywords:Sustainable Mining, Resource Management, Environmental Rehabilitation, Socio-Economic Development, Afghanistan

About the Author Mr. Fayaz Gul Mazloum Yar, Senior Teaching Assistant, Nangarhar University, Afghanistan. fmazloumyar@gmail.com

8. Challenges and Strategic Approaches in Water Resource Planning and Management in Afghanistan

Daryosh Frozan

Abstract

The study explores how the arid environment, socio-political instability, and frequent natural disasters of Afghanistan, a landlocked and mountainous central Asian nation, make planning and managing water resources difficult. Regarding surface and groundwater resources, the nation, which is 652,000 square kilometres in size, primarily depends on its river basins and snowmelt from the Hindu Kush. Even though there are 75 billion cubic meters of renewable water supply each year, only 20 billion cubic meters are used for home and agriculture. Long-term droughts, drying wells, and bacterial pollution endanger the nation’s water supplies, making it harder for more than 70% of the urban and 80% of the rural people to obtain water. Due to the devastating effects of Afghanistan’s bloody civil war past, arable land use has been reduced to 30% of its potential. Further complicating sustainable water management is groundwater depletion brought on by excessive drilling and deforestation. This study examines the state of water resources today, the effects of environmental and socioeconomic issues, and potential strategic solutions to enhance water resource quality, accessibility, and use—all essential for Afghanistan’s agricultural and socio-economic resilience.
Keywords:Water Resource Management, Afghanistan, Strategic Approaches, Water Scarcity, Sustainable Development

About the Author Mr. Daryosh Frozan, Gujarat Technological University.daryoshfrozan2403@gmail.com

9. Construction of Shahi Irrigation Canal: A Path Toward Economic Growth and Self-Sufficiency in Laghman Province, Afghanistan

Mohammad Nasir Wahdat, Mirwais Sadiqmal & Abadurahman Naser

Abstract

As a developing country, Afghanistan possesses significant potential in its human workforce. However, the lack of adequate job opportunities has subjected a substantial portion of the population to challenging economic conditions. Effectively managing the country’s abundant freshwater resources and extensive arable land holds immense potential to generate sustainable job opportunities. Furthermore, strategically managing these critical sectors can enhance food security, elevate household incomes, and contribute to societal self-reliance and economic growth. This research examines the impact of implementing the Shahi Irrigation Canal project in Laghman province on job creation, community self-sufficiency, and economic development. The analysis is based on data obtained from relevant authorities concerning various aspects of the Shahi Irrigation Canal, utilizing straightforward arithmetic methods. The findings reveal that the Shahi Irrigation Canal project has the potential to significantly boost agricultural production through the cultivation of various crops, thereby playing a crucial role in enhancing food security and promoting self-sufficiency among the people of Laghman province. Additionally, the construction and operational phases of the canal are expected to generate numerous medium- and long-term job opportunities for the local population, fostering regional economic and social development. This, in turn, will contribute effectively to reducing unemployment levels in the area.
Keywords:Shahi Irrigation Canal, Self-Sufficiency, Economic Growth, Laghman Province

About the Author Mr. Mohammad Nasir Wahdat, Senior Teaching Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Laghman University, Afghanistan. ‎nasirwahdat95@gmail.com
Mr. Mirwais Sadiqmal, Senior Teaching Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Laghman University, Afghanistan. ‎msmm.200@gmail.com
Mr. Abadurahman Naser, Senior Teaching Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Laghman University, Afghanistan.abadmehraban@gmail.com

10. Role of the Renewable Energy in the Sustainable Development of Afghanistan

Mohammad Asef Hossaini, Nasrullah Aqil & Abdul Momin Azimi

Abstract

Afghanistan, a country rich in natural resources challenged by decades of conflict and underdevelopment, is at a critical juncture in its quest for sustainable development. This article examines the central role of renewable energy in transforming Afghanistan’s energy landscape and promoting socio-economic growth. With abundant solar, wind and water resources, this country has a significant potential to exploit clean energy to meet its urgent energy needs, reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels and reduce environmental degradation. By analyzing case studies of successful renewable energy projects, we show how these projects can improve energy access in urban and rural areas, create job opportunities, and enhance public health by reducing air pollution. In addition, this paper discusses the importance of integrating renewable energy into national policies and development strategies and highlights the need for investment, capacity building and community participation. Ultimately, this research emphasizes that using renewable energy is essential for Afghanistan’s energy security and critical to achieving broader sustainable development goals, strengthening resilience, and ensuring a more equitable future for its citizens.
Keywords:: Development, Energy, Importance, Renewable Energy

About the Author Mr. Mohammad Asef Hossaini, Department of Physics, Badghis Higher Education Institute, Afghanistan. asefhossaini1993@gmail.com
Mr. Nasrullah Aqil, Department of Mathematics, Badghis Higher Education Institute, Afghanistan.
Mr. Abdul Momin Azimi, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education, Badghis Higher Education Institute, Afghanistan.

11. China’s Soft Power in Afghanistan: Strategic Motivations and Objectives

Mr. Abdul Hai Qanit

Abstract

This study explores China’s use of soft power in Afghanistan from 2002 to 2022, emphasizing its strategic goals in security, geopolitics, and economics. Grounded in Joseph Nye’s concept of soft power, the paper highlights China’s efforts to strengthen its regional influence through diplomacy and economic investment rather than military force. China’s primary security objective is to prevent Afghanistan from becoming a haven for Uyghur militants, which could destabilize its Xinjiang region. Through diplomatic engagement with the IEA, China seeks to ensure stability along its borders, though the IEA’s tenuous control over Afghanistan and historical ties to militancy pose significant challenges. Geopolitically, China aims to counterbalance U.S. influence in Afghanistan and Central Asia, especially following the U.S. withdrawal in 2021. China strives to fill the power vacuum and consolidate its regional influence by positioning itself as a peaceful alternative to military intervention. Economically, Afghanistan’s rich natural resources and strategic location along the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) present significant opportunities for China, particularly in securing energy and mineral resources vital for its economic growth. However, these efforts face obstacles due to ongoing instability and infrastructure challenges in Afghanistan. The study concludes that while China’s reliance on soft power helps it avoid direct military engagement, its success in Afghanistan is contingent on the IEA’s ability to ensure security and political stability, as well as China’s management of reputational risks, particularly related to its policies in Xinjiang. The findings offer valuable insights into China’s broader foreign policy strategies in Central Asia and the Middle East, illustrating how soft power is used to secure economic, political, and security interests in a complex and volatile region.
Keywords:: Soft Power, China, Afghanistan, Objectives, Motivations, Strategy, Geopolitics

About the Author Mr. Abdul Hai Qanit, PhD Candidate, Department of Political Science, International Islamic University Malaysia. abdulhai.qanit2012@gmail.com

About the Author Mr. Ashbuddin Halimi, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan. a.halimi@kardan.edu.af

13. Economic Prospects of the Gemstone Industry in Afghanistan: A Pathway to Sustainable Growth

Abstract

Afghanistan, home to an abundance of gemstones, including lapis lazuli, emeralds, and rubies, has the potential to transform its artisanal gemstone sector into a cornerstone of sustainable economic development. Despite its natural wealth, the industry remains underutilized due to unregulated practices, inadequate infrastructure, and rampant smuggling. Drawing insights from Sri Lanka’s booming gemstone industry, this paper examines the economic, social, and environmental prospects of formalizing Afghanistan’s gemstone sector. Afghanistan can foster economic self-reliance, enhance social inclusion, and mitigate climate impacts by integrating global best practices in mining regulation, ethical sourcing, taxation, and poverty alleviation. This analysis positions the gemstone industry as a critical driver of post-conflict reconstruction and long-term prosperity
Keywords:Gemstones, Sustainable Economic Development, Mining Regulation, Ethical Sourcing, Poverty Alleviation, Post-Conflict Reconstruction

14. Regulating the Mining Industry of Afghanistan for Sustainable Development: Challenges and Prospects

Mohammad Ayaz Azimi, Dr Ahmad Khalid Hatam & Attaullah Safdar

Abstract

Gemstone mining in Afghanistan is typically an artisanal activity carried out by people living in villages surrounding the mines. Tunnels are excavated, and gems are extracted by hand using drills, dynamite, and often high explosives recycled from ordnance. However, these techniques lead to much waste and damage to gems, resulting in low yield. In addition, most of the gemstones mined in Afghanistan leave the country illicitly, most going to Peshawar in Pakistan, where they are sorted for quality. The study aims to evaluate the situation in the current sector related to employment and workforce needs, infrastructure and technology, regulatory and legal framework, market access and trade, pricing and value addition, formalization and government revenue, branding and international reputation, strategic policy recommendations, and preventing smuggling. In addition, the study aims to provide policy recommendations for the Regulation of Mining for Precious and Semi-Precious Stones in Afghanistan. The study seeks to present institutional clarity, suggest reforms to the governance arrangements and plans for the Afghan gemstone, and expand the range and value of gems and mining produced and processed within Afghanistan. The study suggests that the Afghanistan government must set out reforms and establish the infrastructure to formalize the sector and positively influence the value chain of the gemstone sector from mines to markets. Furthermore, the study suggests developing policies to help solve gemstone present barriers to support the growth of the gemstone sector, developing the specific policy objectives and policy responses they require, and setting up key roles for industry and stakeholders to well-sequence the value added or value chain development for the sector. The study used qualitative methods and interviewed 12 people with experience in the gemstone sector and mining in Kunar, Laghman, Nooristan, and Nangarhar provinces of Afghanistan.
Keywords:: Afghanistan, Gemstone, Mining Sector, Reforms, Sustainable Development

About the Author Mr. Mohammad Ayaz Azimi, MBA Alumni, Kardan University. ‎m.ayaz@kardan.edu.af
Mr. Attaullah Safdar, Bussinessman, LLB Shariah and Law, International Islamic University Islamabad
Dr. Ahmad Khalid Hatam, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kardan University, Kardan University.k.hatam@kardan.edu.af

About the Author Dr. Shakir Jalaly, Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Economics and Banking, Faculty of Shaiah, Afghan International Islamic University. shakir.jalaly@aiiu.edu.af
Dr. Ahmad Khalid Hatam, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kardan University.k.hatam@kardan.edu.af

About the Author Dr. Ahmad Khalid Hatam, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kardan University.k.hatam@kardan.edu.af
Ms. Fahima Hatam, Lecturer, Kardan University.

Parallel Session 1: Environment and Sustainability

1. Revolutionizing Manufacturing: Advances in Additive Manufacturing Technology

Mohammad Abu Bakr & Muhammad Farhan

Abstract

The manufacturing sector is transforming through advanced fabrication techniques that surpass traditional methods like CNC machining, welding, and sawing. Additive manufacturing (AM) drives a shift towards precision, customization, and efficiency. Three drivers, material, process, and operation, shape this evolution. Material-driven methods handle challenging materials, process-driven approaches prioritize precision, and operational strategies boost production rates and reduce costs. Modern techniques include mechanical methods like AWJM and USM, thermoelectric methods like LBM and plasma machining, and hybrid processes combining multiple synergy approaches. Automation and robotics, the key to Industry 4.0, are replacing labour-intensive practices, exemplified by innovations in robotic systems and FRP manufacturing. Sustainability is a priority, addressing global resource challenges through green design and lifecycle optimization. Machine learning (ML) enhances material research with predictive modelling, feature identification, and process optimization, tackling complex issues in polymer composites. This paper highlights the synergy of innovation, sustainability, and automation as the foundation for industrial growth.
Keywords:Additive Manufacturing, Industry 4.0, Advanced Fabrication Techniques, Sustainability, Machine Learning, Hybrid Processes, Automation, Robotics

About the Author Mr. Mohd Abu Bakr, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India. abubakrjabal@gmail.com
Mr. Muhammad Farhan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Glocal School of Science & Technology, Glocal University, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

2. A Strategic Framework for Enhancing Universities’ Contribution to the Sustainable Development of Afghanistan’s Construction Industry

Abadurahman Naser, Mohammad Nasir Wahdat & Mirwais Sediqmal

Abstract

The construction industry is a key driver of any nation’s economic growth and infrastructure development. In Afghanistan, enhancing the role of universities in this sector is vital for fostering sustainable development. This research aims to evaluate the current state of collaboration between universities and the construction industry in Afghanistan, identify barriers impeding effective partnerships, and propose strategic policies to strengthen university contributions to the industry’s growth. A survey was conducted with 370 experts from academia and industry to assess the significance of various actions, barriers, and policies using a 4-point Likert scale. The Relative Importance Index (RII) was used to rank the identified variables. The findings revealed that collaboration between universities and the construction industry in Afghanistan is currently weak, with the top three barriers being inadequate infrastructure, a curriculum misaligned with market needs, and financial constraints. Policy recommendations include standardizing and updating curricula to align with industry demands, increasing government support for university-industry partnerships, and enhancing capacity-building efforts for instructors and research activities. The study also highlights how improved collaboration between universities and the construction industry can drive sustainable development by creating jobs, enhancing skills, and improving infrastructure. This research addresses existing knowledge gaps and provides actionable insights for policymakers in the Ministry of Higher Education, university administrators, and industry leaders to prioritize and resolve challenges related to university-industry collaboration. These findings may also be relevant for other countries facing similar developmental challenges in strengthening the links between education and industry for economic growth.
Keywords:Barriers, Construction industry, Development, SPSS, University-Industry Collaboration, Sustainable Development

About the Author Mr. Abadurahman Naser, Senior Teaching Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, Laghman University, Afghanistan.abadmehraban@gmail.comm

Mr. Mohammad Nasir Wahdat, Senior Teaching Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, Laghman University, Afghanistan. nasirwahdat95@gmail.com
Mr. Mirwais Sediqmal, Senior Teaching Assistant, Department of Civil Engineering, Laghman University, Afghanistan. msmm.200@gmail.com

3. Impact Assessment of Climate Change on Dam Reservoir: A Case Study of Shah Wa Arus Dam in Kabul, Afghanistan

Dr. Sayed Amir Alawi & Sayed Dawood Karimi

Abstract

Climate change is a critical issue of the 21st century, significantly affecting water resources globally. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of climate change on the Sha wa Arus (SWA) Dam’s reservoir located in a semi-arid region. The Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used for hydrological modelling. The Representative Concentration Pathway scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) were utilized for assessment throughout 2050-2069 and 2080-2099. Calibration and validation were performed using the SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Program (SWAT-CUP). Future climate data were prepared using the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC5) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Based on the observed data, hydrological modelling estimated the water capacity of the basin to be 29.02 million cubic meters (MCM) from 2000 to 2019. However, under the impacts of the RCP4.5 scenario, the water capacity will decrease to 8.29 and 9.35 MCM during 2050-2069 and 2080-2099, respectively. Considering the RCP8.5, the water capacity of the watershed will shift to 10.73 and 10.10 MCM in the same periods. Climate change causes the Shah wa Arus dam to face water shortage, and residents may be compelled to relocate due to severe drought conditions. To mitigate these effects, it is recommended to take action regarding this issue by supplying water from other regions to the Shakardara district.
Keywords:: Reservoir, Hydrology, Watershed, Climate Change, Shah Wa Arus Dam, Afghanistan

About the Author Dr. Sayed Amir Alawi, Academic Administrator, Department of Civil Engineering, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan. s.amir@kardan.edu.af
Mr. Sayed Dawood Karimi, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan. d.karimi@kardan.edu.af

4. Performance Assessment of Water Supply System in Kabul, Afghanistan

Nasir Ahmad Khalil, Zabihullah Dalil Shinwari & Rahmatullah Wahdatyar

Abstract

Intermittent water distribution poses a prominent challenge for water authorities in developing regions, including Kabul. Escalating water demand in Kabul, driven by population growth and various factors, strains municipal water utilities. This study comprehensively appraises Kabul’s water supply system performance, scrutinizing critical performance metrics encompassing demand-supply dynamics, low hydraulic head, water quality, and client satisfaction. These metrics are pivotal in assessing urban water supply system efficacy. Suboptimal water conveyance, client grievances, and water quality anomalies signify service inadequacies. Data collection involving questionnaires and departmental records underscores a 50% demand-supply dissonance. Water quality assessments reveal taste, odour, turbidity, and impurity concerns. Customer discontent associated with inconsistent water access is palpable. This research, which examines critical metrics such as demand-supply dynamics, hydraulic head, water quality, and client satisfaction, is a valuable diagnostic tool for addressing the strain on municipal water utilities. It contributes significantly to society by shedding light on the pressing challenges water authorities face in Kabul, particularly in intermittent water distribution. Kabul’s water supply systems grapple with water loss, water quality disparities, hydraulic fluctuations, and uninterrupted water resource provisioning. It is recommended that the water utility develop a strategy and work hard on the indicated system deficiencies, especially on water supply, water quality and pressure variation, to improve the water supply system performance and provide customers with good quality service.
Keywords:Water Supply and Demand, Water Quality, Pressure Variation, Hydraulic Head

About the Author Mr. Nasir Ahmad Khalil, Alumni, Department of Civil Engineering, Kardan University,Kabul, Afghanistan. nasirahmedkhalil@gmail.com
Mr. Zabihullah Dalil Shinwari, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan.z.shinwari@kardan.edu.af
Mr. Rahmatullah Wahdatyar, PhD Scholar, National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan. wahdatyar32@yahoo.com

Parallel Session 2: Financial Development and Sustainability-I

1. One Health for Food Safety, Security, and Sustainable Food Production

Bashir Ahmad Karimi, Sediqullah Karimi & Abdul Sobhan Seddiqi

Abstract

Globally, contemporary society is confronted with a significant challenge to adequately nourish, shelter, and ensure a healthy existence for the expanding human populace, all while concurrently safeguarding the environment and natural resources for the benefit of successive generations. Implementing sustainable food production and environmental stewardship is paramount to addressing these multifaceted challenges, necessitating a One Health paradigm. The One Health framework posits that the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems is fundamentally interconnected. This integrative approach can be operationalized in food safety, sustainable food production, and environmental stewardship by convening interdisciplinary teams to establish a One Health network that tackles these pressing issues. To attain food security for the global community, conserve natural resources, and enhance public health through the assurance of food safety, it is imperative to foster heightened awareness among scholars, producers, consumers, and governmental entities regarding the following subjects: (1) One Health Initiatives for Sustainable Food Systems, Food Safety, and Food Security, (2) Importance of ‘One Health’ Approach. (3) Food Security in the Twenty-First Century: Catastrophes and Transboundary Diseases. These subjects underscore the necessity of integrating One Health education into the curricula of scientific, engineering, and humanities programs to cultivate competencies in One Health, aiming to establish networks that will endeavour to enhance public health, ensure food safety, and promote sustainable agricultural practices by developing innovative perspectives on the interactions among flora, fauna, and humans while acknowledging the risks posed by disasters and transboundary diseases to food security.
Keywords:One Health, Food Safety, Food Security, Food Systems, Education

About the Author Mr. Bashir Ahmad Karimi, Lecturer, Department of Physics, Samangan Higher Education Institute, Afghanistan. karimib551@gmail.com
Mr. Sediqullah Karimi, Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies and Culture, Samangan Higher Education Institute, Afghanistan.
Mr. Abdul Sobhan Seddiqi, Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies and Culture, Samangan Higher Education Institute, Afghanistan.

2. Assessing University Students’ Knowledge, Attitude and Practices toward Climate Change: A Study of Private Sector Universities in Kabul City

Dr. Hejratullah Adil

Abstract

University students are the future leaders of a country. Their knowledge about such global problems is essential to get involved and take preventive actions. This research assessed university students’ knowledge, attitudes and practices toward climate change. The study used a cross-sectional approach among 768 students from two private sector universities in Kabul city. The data was collected from March to May 2024, and all the enrolled students participated in this research. The results indicated that most students knew about climate change (82.3%), its causes and its negative effects on their lives. As a result, climate change education is very important at the university level, as most students have inadequate preventive practices.
Keywords: Climate Change, University Students, Knowledge, Attitude, Practices

About the Author Dr. Hejratullah Adil, Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Nangarhar University, Afghnistan. ‎hijratadil@gmail.com ‎

3. Analyzing the Long- and Short-Run Effects of Military Expenditure and Political Stability on the Economic Growth of Afghanistan

Shahzad Anwar & Faizan Ahmad

Abstract

This study examines the impact of military expenditures (as a percentage of GDP), military imports, and political stability on Afghanistan’s economic growth (GDP%) from 2001 to 2021. Using a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), the analysis investigates short- and longterm relationships. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Philips Peron test confirm stationarity at the first difference, while the Johansen cointegration test identifies a long-term equilibrium relationship among the variables. However, no short-term relationship is detected, indicating that changes in military expenditures, imports, and political stability do not immediately impact GDP growth. The findings emphasize the role of political stability in enhancing the long-term economic impact of military expenditures. By addressing a key research gap that Hassani (2020) highlighted, this study offers actionable insights for policymakers and development agencies working in post-conflict recovery and fragile state development. It recommends improving political stability and optimizing military spending to support sustainable economic growth in Afghanistan.
Keywords:Military Expenditure, Political Stability, Economic Growth, Short and Long Run Relationship

About the Author Mr. Shahzad Anwar, Assistant Professor, Department of MBA, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan. ‎s.anwar@kardan.edu.af
Mr. Faizan Ahmad, Assistant Professor, Department of BBA, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan.f.ahmad@kardan.edu.af

4. Investment Experience and its Effect on Financial Advisory Service Usage in Futures and Options Markets

Dr. Vinay Kumar & Khalid Mehraj

Abstract

This study explores the relationship and association between trading experience and the use of financial advisory services among investors in futures and options within the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The study, utilizing a structured questionnaire with 150 valid responses, identifies that a significant majority (92%) of investors initially seek financial advisory services. However, only 54.7% continue to use these services as their trading experience grows. Analysis reveals that newer traders rely more on professional advice than their more experienced counterparts, with a notable decline in reliance as trading experience increases. Statistical tests confirm a significant association between trading experience and the continued use of advisory services, indicating that investors increasingly manage their investments independently as they gain confidence and expertise. The findings suggest that financial advisory services should adapt their support to align with the evolving needs of traders, offering comprehensive guidance to novices and advanced, less hands-on support to experienced investors.
Keywords:Financial Advisory Services, Futures and Options, Trading Experience, Investor Behavior, Professional Guidance

About the Author Dr. Vinay Kumar, Assistant Professor, BGSBU Rajouri, India. vinaysharma@bgsbu.ac.in
Mr. Khalid Mehraj, Research Scholar, BGSBU Rajouri, India. khalid.scholar@bgsbu.ac.in

5. Financial Development as a Catalyst for Sustainable Energy in BRICS Countries

Dr. Iftikhar Yasin

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between energy consumption and environmental degradation in BRICS countries, emphasizing the moderating influence of financial development. Analyzing data from 1995 to 2022 through Driscoll-Kraay fixed-effects and Bootstrap Panel Quantile Regression techniques reveals that energy consumption significantly heightens environmental harm. Nevertheless, financial development plays a mitigating role, particularly at lower energy consumption levels, by facilitating cleaner energy adoption and enhancing energy efficiency. The study aligns with Sustainable Development Goals 7 and 13, offering actionable insights for policymakers on leveraging financial systems to support sustainable energy practices and reduce ecological footprints for a greener future.
Keywords:: Energy Consumption, Financial Development, Ecological Footprint, Institutional Quality, Driscoll-Kraay Fixed-Effects, Panel Quantile Regression

About the Author Dr. Iftikhar Yasin, Department of Government and Public Policy, Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan. iftikharyasin@gmail.com

6. Ranking and Challenges of Supply Chain Companies Using MCDM Methodology

Kamal Hossain Gazi, Sankar Prasad Mondal & Arijit Ghosh

Abstract

Supply chain companies have merits and demerits regarding operational and economic transactional policies. On a multi-criteria, perspectivebased assessment, supply chain companies’ efficacy is represented by a cumulative score. In order to understand the general perception of supply chain management, we examine the accomplishments and difficulties of a number of well-known e-commerce businesses in this study. Companies are the alternatives, and challenges are the criteria in a mathematical model structured as a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. In this study, the weights reflecting the available data are adjusted using the criteria importance through the inter-criteria correlation (CRITIC) approach. Multi-objective optimization by ratio analysis plus the complete multiplicative form (MULTIMOORA) approach is used to rate e-commerce enterprises. The most important criteria and subcriteria for supply chain corporations’ (SCCs’) adaption issues are examined by this model. In addition, the SCCs are ranked according to a number of contradictory standards. Several SCC obstacles are considered and examined, including supply chain disruptions, technological difficulties, ethical sourcing, logistics limitations, and discrepancies between product availability and consumption rates. Using the MCDM technique, we numerically compiled the challenges as criteria and subcriteria. Furthermore, a number of ideal phenomena’ sensitivity and comparative analysis are conducted using unique combinations of ranking-related problems.
Keywords:Supply Chain Management, Supply Chain Companies, MCDM, Critic, Multimoora

About the Author Mr. Kamal Hossain Gazi, Department of Applied Mathematics, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal, India.kamalhossain.gazi@makautwb.ac.in
Mr. Sankar Prasad Mondal, Department of Applied Mathematics, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal, India.
Mr. Arijit Ghosh, Department of Mathematics, St. Xavier’s College, Kolkata, India.

7. Consumer Justice: A Literature Review and Research Agenda

Shakir Hussain & Dr. Irfan Bashir

Abstract

This review examines the critical role of procedural justice in influencing individual emotions, behaviours, and trust within organizational and customer service contexts. Grounded in fairness theory, it explores how perceptions of procedural fairness shape reactions, particularly in unfavourable outcome scenarios, by comparing actual experiences to hypothetical alternatives. The analysis highlights the interconnected dimensions of justice—distributive, procedural, and interactional— and their collective impact on customer satisfaction, trust, and loyalty, particularly during service failures and recovery processes. Procedural justice mitigates negative emotional responses, such as frustration and anger, through consistent, unbiased, and ethical decision-making. Empirical evidence underscores the mediating role of emotions between justice perceptions and behavioural outcomes, reinforcing the importance of justice in shaping compliance, trust in decision-makers, and organizational citizenship behaviours
Additionally, the review identifies gaps in the literature, such as a limited understanding of consumer justice in digital transactions, the influence of cultural norms on fairness perceptions, and the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in fostering justice. Emerging challenges like artificial intelligence and big data applications necessitate updates to justice frameworks for ethical consumer interactions. To address these challenges, the study proposes a research agenda emphasizing crossdisciplinary approaches, diverse consumer contexts, and adaptable justice principles for evolving business models. These insights have significant implications for researchers and practitioners, guiding the development of equitable, trustworthy, and sustainable markets.
Keywords:Procedural Justice, Emotional Responses, Trust, Loyalty, Fairness Theory, Customer Satisfaction, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

About the Author Mr. Shakir Hussain, Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, IUST, Awantipora Kashmir, India. shakir.hussain@iust.ac.in
Dr. Irfan Bashir, Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, IUST, Awantipora Kashmir, India

8. Sustainable Fashion Consumption Behaviour: A Systematic Review and Roadmap for Future Research

Qazi Saima Syed & Irfan Bashir

Abstract

As societal consciousness about the environmental impact of fashion rises, there is a notable shift towards sustainable practices within the industry. This transition prompts a critical examination of existing policies and practices, urging stakeholders to adopt more sustainable options. Central to this movement is the increasing attention on sustainable fashion from various quarters, including policymakers, businesses, and consumers. However, despite this heightened interest, there is a noticeable gap in comprehensive literature reviews explicitly focusing on sustainable fashion from the perspective of consumer behaviour. This paper addresses this gap by reviewing 55 journal articles meticulously selected based on stringent criteria. Through this thorough analysis, it becomes evident that sustainable fashion is gaining prominence in academic discourse, reflecting its growing significance in both theory and practice. The review delves into the evolving trends in sustainable fashion consumption, providing valuable insights into consumer behaviours, attitudes, and preferences. It explores various aspects, such as consumer perceptions, luxury consumption experiences, and environmental consciousness’s role within the broader sustainability framework. The review offers a nuanced understanding of how consumers engage with sustainable fashion by dissecting these critical dimensions.
Furthermore, the review identifies several critical research gaps, shedding light on areas that require further exploration. This insight into the existing body of literature summarizes the current research state and serves as a roadmap for future studies. The review aims to inform and guide future research endeavours by pinpointing these gaps, facilitating a more robust understanding of sustainable fashion consumption dynamics. This review contributes to academic scholarship by consolidating existing knowledge and catalyzing advancing research in this increasingly important field. It underscores the need for a continued inquiry into consumer behaviour in sustainable fashion, recognizing its pivotal role in shaping the industry’s future.
Keywords:Sustainable Consumption, Systematic Literature Review, Consumer Behavior, Sustainable Fashion

About the Author Ms. Qazi Saima Syed, Department of Management Studies, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, J&K, India. qazi.saima@iust.ac.in
Mr. Irfan Bashir, Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, J&K, India. irfanbashir18@gmail.com

Parallel Session 3: Financial Development and Sustainability-II

About the Author Dr. Abdul Momin Azimi, Lecturer, Department of Animal Sciences, Badghis Higher Education Institute, Afghanistan. abdulmominazimi2017@gmail.com
Dr. Mohammad Fawad Farzam, Lecturer, Department of Agriculture, Takhar University, Afghanistan
Ms. Hanifa Azimi, Student, Department of Environmental Sciences, Badghis Higher Education Institute, Afghanistan.

About the Author Mr. Mohammad Naim Hashimi, Lecturer, Badghis Higher Education Institute, Afghanistan. m.naimhashimi@gmail.com

About the Author Mr. Abdul Jabbar Wahdat, Director, National Budget Directorate, Kabul, Afghanistan. wahdat1020@gmail.com

4. Investigating Afghanistan’s Procurement Challenges: A Case Study of Mechanisms that can be Used to Accelerate the Procurement Process

Najibullah Faiez

Abstract

This research examines the procurement challenges in Afghanistan and how effective mechanisms can be used to accelerate the procurement process. The main research question is, “which challenges affect the procurement process in Afghanistan and which mechanisms can help speed up this process?” A qualitative research method has been used in response to this research question, including observation and interviews with procurement experts, document analysis, and field surveys. This research shows that major challenges, such as insufficient human capacity, systematic corruption, and complex bureaucratic processes, lead to delays in procurement projects. In addition, mechanisms such as the digitalization of processes, continuous employee training, and the creation of independent regulatory bodies have been identified as effective methods to accelerate the procurement process. This study emphasizes the necessity of implementing these approaches to improve efficiency and transparency in Afghanistan’s procurement system.
Keywords:Procurement, Procurement Process, Procurement Challenges, Accelerating the Procurement Process, Applicable Mechanisms

About the Author Mr. Najibullah Faiez, Lecturer, Department of Public Law, Takhar University, Afghanistan. najibullahfaiezy@yahoo.com

About the Author Mr. Mulla Jan Rahmani, Lecturer, Department of Geography, Parwan University, Afghanistan. mullajan.rahmani@gmail.com

Mr. Kazim Yousufi, Lecturer, Department of Geography, Kabul University,Afghanistan.

Parallel Session 4: Innovation and Sustainability

1. Transforming Afghanistan’s Social Challenges through Artificial Intelligence and Data Science: Opportunities and Strategic Approachesearch

Badam Niazi

Abstract

Afghanistan faces significant social challenges, including limited access to healthcare, low education levels, governance inefficiencies, and frequent natural disasters, all hindering quality of life and national development. Artificial intelligence (AI) and data science have emerged as innovative tools for addressing such issues, with substantial progress seen in healthcare, education, governance, and crisis management. This study examines Afghanistan’s unique social and economic conditions, analyzing opportunities and challenges for utilizing AI and data science. Practical solutions, such as infrastructure development, capacity-building programs, and fostering international collaborations, are proposed. The findings highlight how Afghanistan can effectively leverage AI and data science to address its social challenges through sustainable and innovative approaches
Keywords:Artificial Intelligence, Data Science, Social Challenges, Afghanistan, Development, Innovative Solutions

About the Author Mr. Badam Niazi, Assistant Professor, Department of Information Systems, Nangarhar University, Afghanistan. niazi5.48@gmail.com

2. Role of Artificial Intelligence in Engineering Innovation for Climate Change Solutions: A Review

Inamullah Inam & Mohammad Khalid Nasiry

Abstract

This review discusses how AI can play critical roles in the engineering innovations for climate change solutions. The review analyzes AI’s employment in domains such as renewable energy systems, sustainable construction, and environmental engineering as it reveals its adaptability to tackle the impact of climate change. AI integration with IoT and machine learning optimizes energy and resource use and improves urban planning. Because of AI’s role in renewable energy - related aspects such as predictive maintenance, energy optimization, and grid management, energy can be efficiently delivered from renewable sources. In construction, AI-driven tools like Building Information Modeling (BIM) and digital twins promote sustainable practices by reducing waste and improving energy efficiency. In environmental engineering, AI and IoT simplify data analysis to get real-time data for smart city planning and resource utilization. Still, the review also reveals limitations to deploying AI, such as data dependencies, algorithmic bias, and social- economic inequities, especially in underdeveloped regions. Other challenges include ethical issues and the need for specialized knowledge. Finally, the study emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, supportive policies, and investment in AI research focused on fairness and environmental sustainability to overcome these challenges. It concludes that while AI offers significant potential for addressing climate change, realizing its full benefits requires addressing ethical, financial, and technological barriers through inclusive policies and global cooperation.
Keywords:Artificial Intelligence, Climate Change, Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Ethical Considerations, Sustainability

About the Author Mr. Inamullah Inam, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Laghman University, Laghman, Afghanistan. inam.azizi@gmail.com
Mr. Mohammad Khalid Nasiry, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Laghman University, Laghman, Afghanistan.

3. Mobile Payments and Impulse Buying: Exploring the Psychological Drivers in Gen Y and Gen Z Consumers

Hanan Ashraf, Sadaf Nazki, Dr. Danish Khan & Dr. Adil Zahoor

Abstract

The adoption of mobile payment applications compels impulse buying. These mobile payment platforms have dramatically transformed consumer purchasing behaviours among different generations. This proposed research aims to study impulse purchase behaviour by focusing on mobile payment app characteristics, where empirical research is still scarce. The study will adopt a quantitative approach, surveying a demographically diverse sample of Gen Y and Gen Z consumers to assess their impulse buying tendencies in conjunction with their mobile payment usage frequency and the enjoyment they derive from such digital transactions. Perceived enjoyment is hypothesized to be a significant mediator in this relationship. The research intends to explore two dimensions of mobile payment apps, including Perceived Interactivity and Visual Appeal, and how these factors contribute to Perceived Enjoyment. By analyzing the data through Structural Equation Modeling, the study will seek to validate a theoretical model, elucidating the pathways linking mobile payment use and impulse buying behaviour across Gen Y and Gen Z consumers. The findings of this research are expected to provide valuable insights for marketers, financial service providers, and policymakers, allowing them to tailor their strategies to address each generation’s distinct characteristics and preferences. By understanding the psychological underpinnings of mobile payment-induced impulse buying, stakeholders can tailor their strategies to mitigate excessive spending or leverage these insights for targeted marketing campaigns.
Keywords: Mobile Payment Apps, Mobile Payments, Impulse Buying, Perceived Enjoyment, Generation Y, Generation Z

About the Author Mr. Hanan Ashraf, Research Scholar, Islamic University of Science and Technology, India. hanaanashraf24@yahoo.com
Ms. Sadaf Nazki, Research Scholar, Islamic University of Science and Technology, India.
Dr. Danish Khan, Assistant Professor, Islamic University of Science and Technology, India.
Dr. Adil Zahoor, Assistant Professor, Islamic University of Science and Technology, India.

About the Author Mr. Sayed Zabihullah Mosawi, Lecturer, Department of Information Technology, Kunduz University, Afghanistan. sayedzabimusawi@gmail.com
Mr. Khoshal u Rahman Rahmani, Lecturer, Department of Management Information Systems, Kunduz University, Afghanistan.
Mr. Abdul Fatah Nasrat, Lecturer, Department of Management Information Systems, Kunduz University, Afghanistan.

Parallel Session 5: Politics, Society and Sustainability-I

About the Author Dr. Gulab Shah Amani, Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Kabul University, Afghanistan. gulabshahamanii0@gmail.com

About the Author Mr. Roohullah Farhamand, Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication and Journalism, Rana University, Afghanistan. rouhullah.farahmand@gmail.com

About the Author Mr. Abdul Subhan Sediqi, Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies and Culture, Samangan Higher Education Institute. Afghanistan. subhansaddiqi1@gmail.com
Mr. Sediqullah Karimi, Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies and Culture, Samangan Higher Education Institute. Afghanistan.

About the Author Dr. Mohammad Hassan Yousufi, Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Bamyan University, Afghanistan. hassan_Yusufi@yahoo.com

5. Importance of Public Opinion in Shaping Foreign Policy: A Case Study of the Public Diplomacy of Afghanistan since 2021

Dr. Peerzada Tufail Ahmad & Mustafa Fazil

Abstract

The importance of Public Diplomacy as a foreign policy strategy is profound and has increased over the past couple of decades, especially after the 9/11 attacks. The growing significance of public diplomacy in countering misinformation, disinformation, and negative perceptions about a country, conveying positive aspects, and attracting and directly engaging with the foreign public has become the bedrock of the foreign policy strategy in inter-state relations. However, the public diplomacy of Afghanistan since 2021 as a foreign policy strategy of Afghanistan is less focused, understudied, under-researched, and ignored by the de facto authorities of Afghanistan. The paper aims to evaluate the Public Diplomacy of Afghanistan as a foreign policy strategy and provide policy recommendations for the authorities. The study is based on a case study approach and a thematic analysis. The results revealed that the de facto authorities are not utilizing and focusing on public diplomacy in countering misinformation and disinformation, not engaging with the foreign public and putting out the other side (positive) and narrative of Afghanistan at the international level.
Keywords:Afghanistan, Foreign Policy, Public Diplomacy, Public Opinion, Public Engagement, 2021

About the Author Dr. Peerzada Tufail Ahmad, Coordinator, Department of Research and Development (DRD) & Assistant Professor, Department of MIR, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan. t.ahmad@kardan.edu.af
Mr. Mustafa Fazil, Student, Department of MIR, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan. mustafafazil09@gmail.com

6. A Study of the Media Policies of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan: Impact on Freedom of Expression

Sayed Sarwar Hashemi & Sayed Mohammad Suhrabi

Abstract

This article studies the Media policies of the Islamic Emirate and their effects on freedom of expression in Afghanistan. This qualitative study used a descriptive-analytical method to compare and understand the relationship between variables. The sampling of this study was purposive and focused, and semi-structured group interviews were used to collect data. The results of this study show that the Media policies of the Islamic Emirate have restricted freedom of expression and have had significant effects on the Media environment in Afghanistan. From the perspective of Media professionals, these policies have led to self-censorship, the cessation of the activities of many media outlets, the creation of restrictions on female journalists, and the reduction of access to transparent information. In their opinion, such measures have restricted the media environment in Afghanistan and reduced public trust in domestic media. This study’s findings indicate that the Islamic Emirate’s media policies have been regulated based on the framework of Islamic Laws and National interests. From the perspective of the Islamic Emirate, the restrictions have been implemented to prevent rumours and the spread of false information and to strengthen Media ethics. Increased self-censorship, reduced media usage, and people distancing themselves from domestic media are among the social consequences of this policy, and consequences such as the global isolation of Afghanistan, diplomatic pressures, and lack of recognition of the Islamic Emirate are considered political consequences. The findings of this study indicate that the international community, despite some efforts to support the media and freedom of expression, has not been able to play an effective role in reducing pressure on journalists. According to media experts, the ineffectiveness of global support has exacerbated the media’s financial problems and increasing restrictions. Islamic Emirate officials consider international pressures to conflict with Afghanistan’s religious and cultural values and conditioned interaction between the Islamic Emirate and the international community based on respect for these values.
Keywords:: Media Policy, Islamic Emirate, Media, Journalists, Afghanistan

About the Author Mr. Sayed Sarwar Hashemi, Assistant Professor, Department of Journalism, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan. s.hashimi@kardan.edu.af
Mr. Sayed Mohammad Suhrabi, Student, Department of Journalism, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan.

7. Analysis of the Broadcasting Restrictions on Afghan Media post-August 2021 and Its Implications

Abdul Wahid Omery & Noorullah Babakarkhi

Abstract

Generally, there is no clear definition of broadcasting restrictions in media. Based on national interests, every country imposes certain broadcasting restrictions on media outlets based on which media operates. As media has been considered the fourth branch in Afghanistan, alongside the legislative, judicial, and executive branches, it has grown alongside other democratic elements over the past two decades. During this period, Afghanistan witnessed the active presence of numerous print, audio, and visual media outlets. However, following the recent transitions in Afghanistan, there have been significant shifts in the media landscape, especially after the establishment of the government of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Media is one of the sectors that has been heavily impacted. According to a United Nations report (UNAMA), which covers the period from 15 August 2021 to 30 September 2021, it is mentioned that journalists and media outlets are facing severe censorship and restrictions on access to information. The intensification of restrictions, threats, and pressure from the Taliban government has led to selfcensorship among journalists and media outlets, negatively affecting freedom of expression in Afghanistan. Following the recent changes, the content of Afghan media has been altered, and the current government’s policies now shape their broadcasts. Broadcasting is one of the most important aspects of media. This paper explores how the Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan has dealt with media restrictions and the direction in which Afghan media will move in light of expanding restrictions. The findings of this research indicate that media outlets in Afghanistan have faced various restrictions, including the ban on female journalists working on national television, prohibition on covering protests and demonstrations, refusal by media outlets to interview government critics, ban on airing political advertisements without government approval, prohibition of criticism of government officials, bans on photography and filming in Helmand province, the prohibition of female voices on radios in Helmand, censorship, content restrictions, mandating the covering of women’s faces with masks, and banning live animal imagery on some visual media. These are just some restrictions imposed in the three years since the current government took over. Additionally, restrictions have been set by the Ministry for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice. This research uses a qualitative methodology with both library and field approaches to examine the regulations imposed by the current government and the existing public media law. The study is conducted to clarify these issues.
Keywords:Media, Broadcasting Restrictions, Islamic Emirate, Public Media Law, Censorship, Right to Information, National and Islamic Values

About the Author Mr. Abdul Wahid Omery, Student, Department of Journalism, Kardan University, Kabul Afghanistan.
MMr. Noorullah Babakarkhil, Assistant Professor and Academic Administrator of the Department of Journalism, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan. n.babakarkhil@kardan.edu.af

Parallel Session 6: Politics, Society and Sustainability-II

1. A Transformation of War: From Hunter Food Gatherer to Automated Weapons

Sarbajeet Mukherjee

Abstract

An informal conversation with a former diplomat and a military attaché some years back provided a tiny window to transforming war, warfighting technology and war-fighting capabilities worldwide and in Asia. The brutal events of 07 October 2023 and its aftermath are all too fresh in our memories. However, the use of cutting-edge technology in the conduct of war and war operations is unclear. Although the origins of the war are shrouded in mystery, the conduct of war has transformed dramatically. War is no longer an oversimplified version of a fistfight or a show of bravado. However, it is all about the technological edge in fighting one’s enemy at three levels: strategic, operational level/like campaign, and tactics/like battles and attrition. It is a juxtaposition of a PlayStation game and that of steel. Young officers, both men and women, perhaps enjoying a cup of coffee and donuts, seeing approaching targets close to their guard outpost respond without any haste. Their response is to play with their joysticks and neutralize the approaching targets with automated weapons. This is not a picturization from some Western war movies but how the Israel Defense Force guards their border with the neighbours and which many actors across the world tend to borrow from them to secure their borders. The business of war has been informatized. It will use network multi-domain war, which includes 4 physical levels – land, air, sea, and space and 2 other virtual levels, namely, cyber and electromagnetic. Therefore, the issue is whether we built deterrence or the capacity to find peace.
Keywords:Transformation of War, Cutting-Edge Technology, Juxtaposition, Automated Weapons

About the Author Mr. Sarbajeet Mukherjee, Assistant Professor, Department of MIR, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan. s.mukherjee@kardan.edu.af

2. Building Resilience: The Need for International Cooperation in Afghanistan’s Climate Change Adaptation Post-2021

Imranullah Akhtar & Nazifullah Niazi

Abstract

This study examines the critical role of international cooperation in adaptation to climate change impacts in Afghanistan. It aims to explore how international cooperation adapts to Afghanistan’s climate challenges and builds resilience by leveraging resources, technical expertise, and technology. This study employs a qualitative approach to evaluate climate change and international cooperation in Afghanistan post-2021. Secondary data were gathered from published reports, journal articles, and official documents. Qualitative data were analyzed through thematic content analysis and neoliberal institutionalism theory to identify key patterns and insights. The study found that Afghanistan faces serious challenges adjusting to climate change due to a lack of infrastructure, weak governance, and political instability. However, experiences from other conflict-affected regions show that international cooperation can effectively mitigate these challenges. International support in renewable energy, disaster management, and sustainable agriculture can effectively reduce Afghanistan’s climate risks. Building climate resilience in Afghanistan cannot be achieved through domestic efforts alone. International cooperation is essential to build technical capacity, secure financial resources, and implement longterm adaptation strategies. A multi-stakeholder approach is needed, with government and non-governmental organizations working together. The study suggests establishing the Afghanistan Climate Resilience National Administration (ACRNA) to coordinate international cooperation, implement disaster warning systems, and align climate adaptation policies with the National Development Strategy.
Keywords:: Adaptation, Climate Action, International Cooperation, Post2021, SDGs

About the Author Mr. Imranullah Akhtar, Head of Professional Development Center, Lecturer, Law & Political Science, Alfalah University, Afghanistan. imranullahakhtar@gmail.com
Mr. Nazifullah Niazi, Head of Quality Assurance, Lecturer, Law & Political Science, Alfalah University, Afghanistan.

3. State-Building in Afghanistan Post-2021: Challenges and Prospects for Stability

Mohammad Matin Sakhi

Abstract

With an emphasis on the initiatives, difficulties, and opportunities for longterm stability, this exploratory study looks at Afghanistan’s state-building process after the 2021 transition. This study provides a comprehensive overview of state-building, emphasizing the theoretical frameworks and essential elements that characterize the process. Second, it explores the actions taken by the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan after 2021, signified by the withdrawal of American-led coalition forces and the shift from an active conflict to a more secure situation. It also examines social, economic, and security developments, strengthening public services and governance initiatives. Thirdly, it examines the issue of the Islamic Emirate’s lack of international legitimacy, security threats from nonstate actors like ISIS-K and economic hardships because of international sanctions. Using an analytical-descriptive method and library-based data collection, the study concludes with recommendations for a stable and sustainable future for Afghanistan, highlighting the significance of regional cooperation, international engagement, and the need for ongoing politicaldialogue.
Keywords:State-building, Afghanistan, Post-2021, Taliban, Stability, Initiatives, Challenges

About the Author Mr. Mohammad Matin Sakhi, Program Officer, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Master of International Relations, Kardan University, Kabul Afghanistan.m.matin@kardan.edu.af

1. Reimagining Afghanistan’s Foreign Policy: Pathways to Regional Cooperation and Global Integration for Sustainable Development

Dr. Zaid Mustafa Alavi

Abstract

Afghanistan’s geostrategic position and complex history have placed it at the crossroads of regional and global power dynamics, making its foreign policy pivotal to fostering sustainable development and stability. This paper reimagines Afghanistan’s foreign policy as a transformative tool for sustainable growth, regional cooperation, and global integration. Drawing on multidisciplinary frameworks, it highlights the country’s historical trajectory, current challenges, and future potential in aligning foreign policy with sustainable development goals (SDGs).
The study addresses the underutilization of Afghanistan’s diplomatic strategies for proactive development and regional synergy. It identifies critical barriers, including political instability, security concerns, economic dependencies, and limited regional collaboration. Additionally, the research underscores Afghanistan’s potential as a trade and energy corridor linking Central and South Asia, emphasizing initiatives like the TAPI pipeline and CASA-1000. The analysis integrates lessons from postconflict states such as Rwanda and Vietnam, showcasing how targeted diplomatic reforms can unlock regional stability and economic selfreliance opportunities.
Key recommendations include leveraging Afghanistan’s geostrategic advantages through robust regional alliances, fostering multilateral cooperation, and prioritizing economic diplomacy. Sustainable resource management, inclusive governance, and active participation in global environmental and trade frameworks emerge as essential pillars. The paper also advocates for institutional reforms, capacity-building, and technology-driven policymaking to align Afghanistan with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
By redefining its foreign policy, Afghanistan can transition from a battleground of competing interests to a pivotal hub for regional connectivity and global cooperation. This research bridges theoretical insights with actionable strategies, contributing to the academic discourse on post-conflict diplomacy while offering pragmatic pathways for policymakers. It aims to position Afghanistan as a key player in advancing regional peace and sustainable growth, ultimately reshaping its narrative on the international stage.
Keywords:Afghanistan, Sustainable Development, Foreign Policy, Regional Cooperation, Global Integration

About the Author Dr. Zaid Mustafa Alvi, Guest Faculty, Political Science, Women’s College, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India. zmalavi91@gmail.com

1. The Collapse of Kabul: Mapping India-Taliban Relations

Zabihullah

Abstract

Afghanistan remained at the centre of India’s foreign policy owing to its unique geopolitical location. Afghan jihad of the 1980s, leading to the Taliban’s takeover, impacted Afghanistan and India. The former did not recognized the Taliban but instead supported the Northern Alliance against them, which made Indo-Taliban relations shaky. With the collapse of the Taliban in the wake of 9/11, India, the regional ally of the USA, has engaged politically and economically in Afghanistan. The former has fully isolated the Taliban and supported the then republic government. However, with the re-emergence of Taliban 2.0, India’s Afghan politics have changed. Indian officials visited Afghanistan and met the Taliban to address their core concerns and strategic interests. Taliban called this visit a new chapter in their relations with India. Unlike their previous regime, no country, including India, recognizes them. What are the strategic implications of Taliban 2.0 on India? To what extent are India-Taliban diplomatically engaged? How does the Indian soft power policy help its image-building in Afghanistan? How does Pakistan factor into Taliban-India relations? The way forward for the future IndiaTaliban relations are some of the questions this study tends to answer underpinned by primary (official sources) and secondary sources. The data is collected from both archival and online resources
Keywords:: Afghanistan, India, Taliban, South Asia Security, 2021-2024

About the Author Mr. Zabihullah, Academic Administrator, Graduate Programs, Kardan University, Kabul, Afghanistan. z.barekzai@karda.edu.af